ISO 639-3:
kms
The combined catalog of all OLAC participants contains the following resources that are relevant to this language:
Other known names and dialect names:  Ghini,  Hagi,  Segi,  Wand Tuan
Use faceted search to explore resources for Kamasau language.
Primary texts
- ONLINEKamasau Genesis Translation. The Long Now Foundation. 1985. Ukarumpa: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
 oai:rosettaproject.org:rosettaproject_kms_gen-1
 
Lexical resources
- ONLINECrúbadán language data for Kamasau. Kevin Scannell. 2018. The Crúbadán Project.
 oai:crubadan.org:kms
 - ONLINEKamasau Swadesh List. n.a. n.d. The Rosetta Project: A Long Now Foundation Library of Human Language.
 oai:rosettaproject.org:rosettaproject_kms_swadesh-1
 - ONLINEWand Tuan wand puate: Yumbo yumbo buagi raqe wund (As tok bilong Tok Ples Wand Tuan: Kamasau practical tri-glot dictionary). Sanders, Arden G. (compiler); Sanders, Joy (compiler). 1996. Summer Institute of Linguistics.
 oai:sil.org:33781
 - ONLINEKamasau Word List - Segi dialect. Sanders, Joy (compiler); Walters, Josiah; Daniels, Kelsey (recorder); Amu, Leo (speaker). 2014. SIL International.
 oai:sil.org:66093
 - ONLINEKamasau– English Dictionary. Sanders, Arden G. (compiler); Sanders, Joy (compiler); Amu, Ignas (editor); Amu, Simon (editor); Womosa, John August (illustrator); Paoli, Sonya (photographer). 2015. SIL International.
 oai:sil.org:67578
 - ONLINEKamasau Word List - Hagi dialect. Sanders, Joy (compiler); Toler, Kris; Daniels, Kelsey (recorder); Yaman, James (speaker). 2014. SIL International.
 oai:sil.org:68408
 - ONLINEKamasau Word List - Ghini Dialect. Holt, Chaz (editor); Sanders; Joy; Daniels, Kelsey (recorder); Minamo, Gabriel (speaker). 2014. SIL International.
 oai:sil.org:82078
 - ONLINEKamasau Word List - Soigi Dialect. Holt, Chaz (editor); Sanders, Joy; Daniels, Kelsey (recorder); Barewoi, Raphael (speaker). 2014. SIL International.
 oai:sil.org:82839
 - ONLINEKamasau Word List - Segi Dialect List 2 Revised and updated. Holt, Chaz (editor); Sanders, Joy; Paoli, Sonya (recorder); Yanok, Rex (speaker). 2014. SIL International.
 oai:sil.org:86709
 - ONLINEKamasau Dictionary. n.a. 2015-05-13. SIL Global.
 oai:webonary.org:122
 
Language descriptions
- Studies in Melanesian orthographies. Clifton, John M; Summer Institute of Linguistics. Papua New Guinea Branch. 1987. Datapapers in Papua New Guinea languages ; v. 33.
 oai:gial.edu:28269
 - ONLINEGlottolog 5.2 Resources for Kamasau. n.a. 2025. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
 oai:glottolog.org:kama1367
 - ONLINENotebook D34 Selected Research Papers of Don Laycock on Languages in Papua New Guinea: Chenapian, Chambri, Bun, Kamasau (Sagi). Don Laycock (compiler). n.d. Pacific And Regional Archive for Digital Sources in Endangered Cultures (PARADISEC).
 oai:paradisec.org.au:DL2-043
 - ONLINEPHOIBLE 2.0 phonemic inventories for Kamasau. n.a. 2019. Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
 oai:phoible.org:kama1367
 - ONLINEWand Tuan wand puate: Yumbo yumbo buagi raqe wund (As tok bilong Tok Pies Wand Tuan: Kamasau practical tri-glot dictionary). Sanders, Arden; Sanders, Joy. 1996. Ukarumpa: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
 oai:rosettaproject.org:rosettaproject_kms_morsyn-1
 - ONLINEWand Tuan wand puate: Yumbo yumbo buagi raqe wund (As tok bilong Tok Pies Wand Tuan: Kamasau practical tri-glot dictionary). Sanders, Arden; Sanders, Joy. 1996. Ukarumpa: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
 oai:rosettaproject.org:rosettaproject_kms_ortho-1
 - ONLINEKamasau orthography. Sanders, Arden G.; Sanders, Joy. 1987. Summer Institute of Linguistics.
 oai:sil.org:23793
 - ONLINEKamasau (Wand Tuan) grammar:: morpheme to sentence. Sanders, Arden G.; Sanders, Joy. 1994. SIL International.
 oai:sil.org:31072
 - ONLINEKamasau language pesky particles. Sanders, Arden G.; Sanders, Joy. 1994. SIL International.
 oai:sil.org:31204
 - ONLINENegation in Kamasau. Sanders, Joy. 2013. SIL International.
 oai:sil.org:62361
 - ONLINEWALS Online Resources for Kamasau. n.a. 2024. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
 oai:wals.info:kmz
 
Other resources about the language
- ONLINEKamasau (Wand Tuan) grammar: morpheme to sentence. Sanders, Arden; Sanders, Joy. 1994. WALS Online RefDB.
 oai:refdb.wals.info:7065
 - ONLINEKamasau: a language of Papua New Guinea. n.a. 2018. SIL International.
 oai:ethnologue.com:kms
 - ONLINELINGUIST List Resources for Kamasau. Damir Cavar, Director of Linguist List (editor); Malgorzata E. Cavar, Director of Linguist List (editor). 2017-09-27. The LINGUIST List (www.linguistlist.org).
 oai:linguistlist.org:lang_kms
 - ONLINEBuk buqod kin yumbo ur: buk ye wuwo kin. Sanders, Joy (compiler); Amu, Simon (editor); Saragen, Abel (editor). 1998. Summer Institute of Linguistics.
 oai:sil.org:21606
 - Buk buqod kɨn yumbo ur. Sanders, Joy (compiler). 1990. Summer Institute of Linguistics.
 oai:sil.org:21840
 - Koku mɨng chuqo (Ancestor stories). Sanders, Arden G. (compiler); Sanders, Joy (compiler). 1986. Summer Institute of Linguistics.
 oai:sil.org:21915
 - ONLINEPhonology of the Kamasau language. Sanders, Arden G.; Sanders, Joy. 1980. SIL International.
 oai:sil.org:22899
 - ONLINEDialect survey of the Kamasau language. Sanders, Arden G.; Sanders, Joy. 1980. SIL International.
 oai:sil.org:23013
 - ONLINEDefining the centres of the Marienberg language family. Sanders, Arden G.; Sanders, Joy. 1980. SIL International.
 oai:sil.org:23092
 - Evaluation of students in Tigebyu and Ibab prep-school in November 1997. Sanders, Joy. 1998. SIL International.
 oai:sil.org:23192
 - ONLINENegation in Kamasau. Sanders, Arden G.; Sanders, Joy. 1994. SIL International.
 oai:sil.org:31247
 - Yibar Urpui Mandi Ye Buk. Herygu, Bruno; Mewori, Saiwa; Yaumo, Adame. 1985. SIL.
 oai:sil.org:60389
 - ONLINEWo. n.a. 2015. SIL International.
 oai:sil.org:62948
 - ONLINEAse. n.a. 2015. SIL International.
 oai:sil.org:62950
 - ONLINEMame bidi. Saragen, Abel. 2015. SIL International.
 oai:sil.org:62951
 - ONLINEWapi Enju. n.a. 2015. SIL International.
 oai:sil.org:62954
 - ONLINEDuagi. n.a. 2015. SIL International.
 oai:sil.org:62957
 - Kamasau Wordlists. Bongeri, Henry (speaker); Gobi, Yani (speaker); Iyetwar, Anari (speaker); Meweri, Saiwa (speaker); Singi, Markus (speaker); Sanders, Arden G. (transcriber). 1989. SIL International.
 oai:sil.org:66261
 - Yumbui ning Yuwo Wand Tuan pe kin. Sanders, Arden G. (editor). 1994. Summer Institute of LInguistics.
 oai:sil.org:72235
 - ONLINEWariqo. Sanders, Joy (editor); Ka'abu, Anis (illustrator); Singi, Joseph (translator); Saragen, Abel (translator). 1998. Summer Institute of Linguistics.
 oai:sil.org:75367
 - ONLINEYumbui ning Yuwo Wand Tuan pe kin (1). Sanders, Arden G. (recorder). 1994. Summer Institute of Linguistics.
 oai:sil.org:75368
 - ONLINENum Malaria. Sanders, Joy (editor); Singi, Joseph (translator); Saragen, Abel (translator). 1998. Summer Institute of Linguistics.
 oai:sil.org:75380
 - ONLINEAte Wo. Sanders, Joy (editor); Wussow, Joan (illustrator); Singi, Joseph (translator). 1995. Summer Institute of Linguistics.
 oai:sil.org:75382
 - ONLINETughe ei Nge Ghav nindigh?/ Ndighe ei Nge Ghav nindigh?. Sanders, Joy (editor); Amu, Leo (translator); Singi, Joseph (translator). 1995. Summer Institute of Linguistics.
 oai:sil.org:76661
 - ONLINENu Nge Mand Qa?/ Nu Nge Mand Yi?. Sanders, Joy (editor); Singem, Gisla (translator); Singi, Joseph (translator). 1995. Summer Institute of Linguistics.
 oai:sil.org:76662
 - ONLINENen Tughe Kimand?/ Kevi Ndighe Kimand yi?. Sanders, Joy (editor); Amu, Leo (translator); Singi, Joseph (translator). 1995. Summer Institute of Linguistics.
 oai:sil.org:76692
 - ONLINEWapiqu Yanji Temi/ Wapiwu Yangi Temi. Sanders, Joy (editor); Singi, Joseph (translator); Singi, Markus (translator). 1995. Summer Institute of Linguistics.
 oai:sil.org:76717
 - Wute Juda Ni Mir Isis Yembe Mindiny Kin Wand. Amu, Ignas. 1997. Summer Institute of Linguistics.
 oai:sil.org:76719
 - God Ningg Baj Di Wute Juda Tende Yembe Mand Kin. Amu, Ignas. 1997. Summer Institute of Linguistics.
 oai:sil.org:76720
 - ONLINENge Tos Bengim gidiq. Sanders, Joy (editor); Singi, Joseph (translator); Singi, Markus (translator). 1994. Summer Institute of Linguistics.
 oai:sil.org:76722
 - ONLINETughe Bot Groq nindiq Wuso?. Sanders, Joy (editor); Amu, Leo (translator); Singi, Joseph (translator). 1995. Summer Institute of Linguistics.
 oai:sil.org:76723
 - ONLINEKiko ane Bake temi. Sanders, Joy (editor); Singi, Joseph (translator); Singi, Markus (translator). 1995. Summer Institute of Linguistics.
 oai:sil.org:76724
 - Sare Wain kin Stori. Amu, Ignas. 1998. Summer Institute of Linguistics.
 oai:sil.org:76725
 - ONLINENu Nge Moyu bri?. Sanders, Joy (editor); Amu, Gertrude (translator); Amo, Patrick (translator). 1995. Summer Institute of Linguistics.
 oai:sil.org:76732
 - ONLINEWapi Mir Nyombui Teri. Yakour, Markus. 1998. Summer Institute of Linguistics.
 oai:sil.org:79854
 - ONLINECooking sago and greens in traditional clay pots. Paoli, Sonya (photographer); Daniels, Kelsey (recorder); Alowis, Emelda (speaker); Sanders, Joy (transcriber). 2014. SIL International.
 oai:sil.org:79929
 - ONLINESago processing: washing and packaging. Paoli, Sonya (photographer); Daniels, Kelsey (recorder); Asare, Markus (speaker); Goi, Dorothy (speaker); Sanders, Joy (transcriber). 2014. SIL International.
 oai:sil.org:79930
 - ONLINEGaramut Part 2: Tiqe mandi. Paoli, Sonya (photographer); Daniels, Kelsey (recorder); Tumu, Ignas (speaker); Sanders, Joy (transcriber). 2014. SIL International.
 oai:sil.org:80243
 - ONLINEGaramut Part 3: Ignas Tumu wub ningg wand quari nand. Mondu, Matthew; Paoli, Sonya (photographer); Daniels, Kelsey (recorder); Tumu, Ignas (speaker); Sanders, Joy (transcriber). 2014. SIL International.
 oai:sil.org:80258
 - ONLINEGaramut Part 1: Wub meri mo. Paoli, Sonya (photographer); Daniels, Kelsey (recorder); Sanders, Joy (transcriber). 2014. SIL International.
 oai:sil.org:80259
 - ONLINEMaking a Grass Skirt - Part 1. Paoli, Sonya (photographer); Daniels, Kelsey (recorder); Amu, Gertrude (speaker); Sanders, Joy (transcriber). 2014. SIL International.
 oai:sil.org:80554
 - ONLINEMaking a Grass Skirt - Part 2. Paoli, Sonya (recorder); Amu, Gertrude (speaker); Sanders, Joy (transcriber). 2014. SIL International.
 oai:sil.org:80557
 - ONLINEMaking a Grass Skirt - Part 3. Paoli, Sonya (photographer); Daniels, Kelsey (recorder); Amu, Gertrude (speaker); Sanders, Joy (transcriber). 2014. SIL International.
 oai:sil.org:80559
 - ONLINEAmbe. Sawyers, Jenna (editor); Womosa, John August (illustrator); Paoli, Sonya (photographer); Amu, Leo (speaker); Sanders, Joy (translator). 2014. SIL International.
 oai:sil.org:90159
 - ONLINEUmbo Wuye. Sanders, Joy (editor); Singi, Joseph (translator). 1994. Summer Institute of Linguistics.
 oai:sil.org:90857
 - ONLINEPlaua pe Mir Wase Pawo kin Buk. Sanders, Joy. 1997. Summer Institute of Linguistics.
 oai:sil.org:90858
 - ONLINEYivanj Beghi Num Mengu Di Segine Pati. Sanders, Joy (editor); Singi, Joseph (translator); Singi, Markus (translator). 1995. Summer Institute of Linguistics.
 oai:sil.org:90859
 - ONLINENge Miraiqangu tedi. Sanders, Joy (editor); Singem, Gisla (translator); Singi, Joseph (translator). 1995. Summer Institute of Linguistics.
 oai:sil.org:90864
 - ONLINEGhimbi Ghav ye Sut. Sanders, Joy (editor); Singi, Joseph (translator). 1994. Summer Institute of Linguistics.
 oai:sil.org:90865
 - ONLINETirar. Sanders, Joy (editor); Singi, Joseph (translator). 1994. Summer Institute of Linguistics.
 oai:sil.org:90867
 - ONLINENji. Singi, Joseph. 1998. Summer Institute of Linguistics.
 oai:sil.org:90868
 - ONLINEAse Wo. Sanders, Joy (editor); Amu, Leo (translator). 1994. Summer Institute of Linguistics.
 oai:sil.org:90869
 - ONLINENunon ghimbi sabi guidiny. Sanders, Joy (editor); Singi, Joseph (translator); Saragen, Abel (translator). 1998. Summer Institute of Linguistics.
 oai:sil.org:90912
 - ONLINEWapiqu Wo/Wapiwu Wo. Sanders, Joy (editor); Amu, Leo (translator); Singem, Gisla (translator); Singi, Joseph (translator); Amu, Gertrude (translator). 1995. Summer Institute of Linguistics.
 oai:sil.org:90922
 - ONLINEOru Mim Kumo/ Eru Kowi Kumo. Sanders, Joy (editor); Singem, Gisla (translator); Singi, Joseph (translator). 1995. Summer Institute of Linguistics.
 oai:sil.org:90925
 - ONLINEChoi Wo/Toi Wo. Sanders, Joy (editor); Singem, Gisla (translator); Singi, Joseph (translator). 1995. Summer Institute of Linguistics.
 oai:sil.org:90927
 - ONLINENge Umo Yumbui Tedi. Sanders, Joy (editor); Singem, Gisla (translator); Singi, Joseph (translator). 1995. Summer Institute of Linguistics.
 oai:sil.org:90929
 - ONLINEUriate. Singi, Joseph (translator). 1994. Summer Institute of Linguistics.
 oai:sil.org:90930
 - ONLINEBuk Yumbui Stori Kin 1 and 2. Sanders, Joy (editor); Saiwa, Augustine (illustrator). 1997. Summer Institute of Linguistics.
 oai:sil.org:90955
 - ONLINEMiyangri Nganye - Division: Pteridophyte. Sawyers, Jenna (editor); Paoli, Sonya (photographer); Amu, Ignas (speaker); Sanders, Joy (translator). 2014. SIL International.
 oai:sil.org:92007
 - ONLINEIye. Sawyers, Jenna (editor); Womosa, John August (illustrator); Paoli, Sonya (photographer); Amu, Leo (speaker); Sanders, Joy (translator). 2014. SIL International.
 oai:sil.org:92009
 - ONLINENyumo Buidu: Melanopsis multiglandulosa (Euphorbiaceae). Sawyers, Jenna (editor); Paoli, Sonya (photographer); Amu, Leo (speaker); Sanders, Joy (translator). 2014. SIL International.
 oai:sil.org:92010
 - ONLINENjoqu: Kentiopsis archontophoenix. Sawyers, Jenna (editor); Womosa, John August (illustrator); Paoli, Sonya (photographer); Amu, Leo (speaker); Sanders, Joy (translator). 2014. SIL International.
 oai:sil.org:92011
 - ONLINESumboiq. Sawyers, Jenna (editor); Paoli, Sonya (photographer); Amu, Leo (speaker); Amu, Valentine (speaker); Sanders, Joy (translator). 2014. SIL International.
 oai:sil.org:92013
 - ONLINEWari Quang (Part 1). Sawyers, Jenna (editor); Womosa, John August (illustrator); Paoli, Sonya (photographer); Daniels, Kelsey (recorder); Amu, Simon (speaker); Sanders, Joy (transcriber). 2014. SIL International.
 oai:sil.org:92014
 - ONLINEWari Quang (Part 2). Sawyers, Jenna (editor); Womosa, John August (illustrator); Paoli, Sonya (photographer); Daniels, Kelsey (recorder); Amu, Simon (speaker); Sanders, Joy (transcriber). 2014. SIL International.
 oai:sil.org:92015
 - ONLINETorbing. Sawyers, Jenna (editor); Paoli, Sonya (photographer); Daniels, Kelsey (recorder); Womosa, John August (speaker); Sanders, Joy (transcriber). 2014. SIL International.
 oai:sil.org:92019
 - ONLINEWed qoqomo: Amorphophallus (Araceae). Sawyers, Jenna (editor); Paoli, Sonya (photographer); Amu, Leo (speaker); Sanders, Joy (translator). 2014. SIL International.
 oai:sil.org:92022
 - ONLINEMuang. Sawyers, Jenna (editor); Paoli, Sonya (photographer); Yanok, Rex (speaker); Sanders, Joy (translator). 2014. SIL International.
 oai:sil.org:92023
 - ONLINEWambi: Possibly Caryota sp. (Arecaceae). Sawyers, Jenna (editor); Paoli, Sonya (photographer); Yanok, Rex (speaker); Sanders, Joy (translator). 2014. SIL International.
 oai:sil.org:92025
 - ONLINEWeg: Artocarpus sp. (Moraceae). Sawyers, Jenna (editor); Womosa, John August (illustrator); Paoli, Sonya (photographer); Amu, Leo (speaker); Sanders, Joy (translator). 2014. SIL International.
 oai:sil.org:92032
 - ONLINEDubui: Family (Arecaceae). Sawyers, Jenna (editor); Womosa, John August (illustrator); Paoli, Sonya (photographer); Amu, Leo (speaker); Sanders, Joy (translator). 2014. SIL International.
 oai:sil.org:92033
 - ONLINEWarbu: Possibly Colocasia esculenta (Araceae). Sawyers, Jenna (editor); Paoli, Sonya (photographer); Amu, Leo (speaker); Sanders, Joy (translator). 2014. SIL International.
 oai:sil.org:92034
 - ONLINESingapi: Abelmoschus manihot. Sawyers, Jenna (editor); Womosa, John August (illustrator); Paoli, Sonya (photographer); Amu, Leo (speaker); Sanders, Joy (translator). 2014. SIL International.
 oai:sil.org:92035
 - ONLINEPanje: Pandanus sp. (Pandanaceae). Sawyers, Jenna (editor); Paoli, Sonya (photographer); Amu, Leo (speaker); Sanders, Joy (translator). 2014. SIL International.
 oai:sil.org:92037
 - ONLINEWanj: possibly Cordyline sp. (Asparagaceau). Sawyers, Jenna (editor); Paoli, Sonya (photographer); Amu, Leo (speaker); Sanders, Joy (translator). 2014. SIL International.
 oai:sil.org:92038
 - ONLINESare Pari: Possibly Ficus sp. (Moraceae). Sawyers, Jenna (editor); Womosa, John August (illustrator); Paoli, Sonya (photographer); Amu, Leo (speaker); Sanders, Joy (translator). 2014. SIL International.
 oai:sil.org:92039
 - ONLINEOrobo. Sawyers, Jenna (editor); Womosa, John August (illustrator); Paoli, Sonya (photographer); Yanok, Rex (speaker); Sanders, Joy (translator). 2014. SIL International.
 oai:sil.org:92040
 - ONLINEObo: Codiaeum variegatum (Euphorbiaceae). Sawyers, Jenna (editor); Womosa, John August (illustrator); Paoli, Sonya (photographer); Amu, Leo (speaker); Sanders, Joy (translator). 2014. SIL International.
 oai:sil.org:92043
 - ONLINEPuqo: Artocarpus sp. (Moraceae). Sawyers, Jenna (editor); Womosa, John August (illustrator); Paoli, Sonya (photographer); Amu, Leo (speaker); Sanders, Joy (translator). 2014. SIL International.
 oai:sil.org:92044
 - ONLINEVerb paradigms: go. Amu, Gisla (compiler); Roby, Delka (compiler); Holt, Chaz (editor); Sanders; Joy; Daniels, Kelsey (recorder); Amu, Ignas (speaker). 2014. SIL International.
 oai:sil.org:92045
 - Nyumbueg Nɨng Wand. Oanjigung, Maria; Oanjigung, Matina; Pombo, Lucy. 1986. SIL.
 oai:sil.org:92349
 - ONLINESingeo di iye. Paoli, Sonya (recorder); Amu, Leo (speaker); Sanders, Joy (translator). 2014. SIL International.
 oai:sil.org:93033
 - Qumbo Wuye. Sanders, Joy (editor); Amu, Ignas (translator). 1991. Summer Institute of Linguistics.
 oai:sil.org:93324
 - ONLINESkebis. Amu, Ignas (translator). 1991. Summer Institute of Linguistics.
 oai:sil.org:93721
 - ONLINETamb Ngɨn Bab kɨn Wand. Sanders, Arden G.; Sanders, Joy. 1990. SIL.
 oai:sil.org:93723
 - ONLINEWand Tuan. Sanders, Arden G.; Sanders, Joy. 1979. SIL.
 oai:sil.org:93724
 - ONLINEQuayi umo rar mat kin wand. Sanders, Arden G.; Sanders, Joy. 1986. SIL.
 oai:sil.org:93729
 
Other resources in the language
- ONLINEKoku ming chugo : ancestor stories. Sanders, Arden; Summer Institute of Linguistics. Papua New Guinea Branch. 1986. Papua New Guinea : S.I.L. Printing Department.
 oai:pacific.library.manoa.hawaii.edu:1497886
 - ONLINEStudies in Melanesian orthographies. Clifton, John M; Summer Institute of Linguistics. Papua New Guinea Branch. 1987. Datapapers in Papua New Guinea languages ; v. 33.
 oai:pacific.library.manoa.hawaii.edu:1532617
 - ONLINEBuk buqod ki̳n yumbo ur : primer 1. Sanders, Joy. 1990. Ukarumpa, Papua New Guinea ; Summer Institute of Linguistics.
 oai:pacific.library.manoa.hawaii.edu:1614552
 - ONLINERut, Esta, Jona = Ruth, Esther and Jonah in the Kamasau Language. Knowlton, Berti; Northridge Friends Church. 1992. Papua New Guinea : Northridge Friends Church.
 oai:pacific.library.manoa.hawaii.edu:1636588
 
Other known names and dialect names:  Ghini,  Hagi,  Segi,  Wand Tuan
Other search terms: dialect, vernacular, discourse, stories, conversation, dialogue, documentation, lexicon, dictionary, vocabulary, wordlist, phrase book, grammar, syntax, morphology, phonology, orthography
http://www.language-archives.org/language.php/kms
Up-to-date as of: Tue Nov 4 0:07:18 EST 2025